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.Anime (:,: ) (: アニメ,: anime, ( ), plural: anime) is hand-drawn and computer originating from or associated with.The word anime is the Japanese term for animation, which means all forms of animated media. Outside Japan, anime refers specifically to animation from Japan or as a Japanese-disseminated animation often characterized by colorful graphics, vibrant characters and fantastical themes. The culturally abstract approach to the word's meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product. Some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of.The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has since continued to increase steadily.
The characteristic anime art style emerged in the 1960s with the works of and spread internationally in the late twentieth century, developing a large domestic and international audience. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media, and over the Internet. It is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences.Anime is a diverse art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It combines graphic art, characterization, cinematography, and other forms of imaginative and individualistic techniques. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of camera effects, including panning, zooming, and angle shots. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a crucial gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, including characteristically large emotive or realistically sized eyes.The anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like,.
Despite comprising only a fraction of Japan's domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese sales. It has also seen international success after the rise of English- programming. This rise in international popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Whether these works are or proper anime is a subject for debate amongst fans. Japanese anime accounts for 60% of the world's, as of 2016. A cel from, the earliest surviving Japanese animated short made for cinemas, produced in 1917Japanese animation began in the early 20th century, when Japanese experimented with the animation techniques also pioneered in France, Germany, the United States and Russia. A claim for the earliest Japanese animation is, an undated and private work by an unknown creator.
In 1917, the first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear. Animators such as and produced numerous works, with the oldest surviving film being Kouchi's, a two-minute clip of a samurai trying to test a new sword on his target only to suffer defeat. The resulted in widespread destruction to Japan's infrastructure and the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse, destroying most of these early works.By the 1930s animation was well established in Japan as an alternative format to the live-action industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers and many animators—like and —still worked in cheaper rather than. Other creators, and, nonetheless made great strides in animation technique; they benefited from the patronage of the government, which employed animators to produce educational shorts.
The first anime was, produced by Masaoka in 1933. By 1940, numerous anime artists' organizations had risen, including the Shin Mangaha Shudan and Shin Nippon Mangaka. The first feature-length animated film was directed by Seo in 1944 with sponsorship by the. A frame from (1944), the first anime filmThe success of 's 1937 feature film profoundly influenced many Japanese animators. In the 1960s, manga artist and animator adapted and simplified many Disney animation techniques to reduce costs and to limit the number of frames in productions. He intended this as a temporary measure to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced animation staff., aired in 1960, was the first anime shown on television. The first anime television series was, aired from 1961 to 1964.The 1970s saw a surge of growth in the popularity of, Japanese and, many of which were later animated.
The work of Osamu Tezuka drew particular attention: he has been called a 'legend' and the 'god of manga'. His work—and that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of anime today. The giant genre (known as ' outside Japan), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed into the genre under and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by who developed the genre.
Robot anime like the and series became instant classics in the 1980s, and the robot genre of anime is still one of the most common in Japan and worldwide today. In the 1980s, anime became more accepted in the in Japan (although less than ), and experienced a boom in production. Following a few successful adaptations of anime in overseas markets in the 1980s, anime gained increased acceptance in those markets in the 1990s and even more at the turn of the 21st century. In 2002, a production directed by won the at the and in 2003 at the it won the. Anime artists employ many distinct visual stylesAnime differs greatly from other forms of animation by its diverse art styles, methods of animation, its production, and its process.
Visually, anime is a diverse art form that contains a wide variety of art styles, differing from one creator, artist, and studio. While no one art style predominates anime as a whole, they do share some similar attributes in terms of animation technique and character design.Animation techniqueAnime follows the typical production of animation, including, and (, itself a series, highlights many of the aspects involved in anime production). Since the 1990s, animators have increasingly used to improve the efficiency of the production process. Artists like pioneered the earliest anime works, which were experimental and consisted of images drawn on blackboards, animation of paper cutouts,. Cel animation grew in popularity until it came to dominate the medium.
In the 21st century, the use of other animation techniques is mostly limited to independent, including the stop motion puppet animation work produced by, and Tomoyasu Murata. Computers were integrated into the animation process in the 1990s, with works such as and mixing cel animation with computer-generated images., a major cel production company, announced it would stop cel production, producing an industry panic to procure cel imports and hastening the switch to digital processes.Prior to the digital era, anime was produced with methods using a pose to pose approach. The majority of mainstream anime uses fewer expressive and more animation.Japanese animation studios were pioneers of many techniques, and have given anime a distinct set of conventions. Unlike animation, where the emphasis is on the movement, anime emphasizes the art quality and let limited animation techniques make up for the lack of time spent on movement. Such techniques are often used not only to meet deadlines but also as artistic devices. Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views, and backgrounds are instrumental in creating the atmosphere of the work. The backgrounds are not always invented and are occasionally based on real locations, as exemplified in.
Oppliger stated that anime is one of the rare mediums where putting together an all-star cast usually comes out looking 'tremendously impressive'.The cinematic effects of anime differentiates itself from the stage plays found in American animation. Anime is cinematically shot as if by camera, including panning, zooming, distance and angle shots to more complex dynamic shots that would be difficult to produce in reality. In anime, the animation is produced before the voice acting, contrary to American animation which does the voice acting first; this can cause errors in the Japanese version. CharactersBody proportions of human anime characters tend to accurately reflect the proportions of the human body in reality. The height of the head is considered by the artist as the base unit of proportion.
Head heights can vary, but most anime characters are about seven to eight heads tall. Anime artists occasionally make deliberate modifications to body proportions to produce characters that feature a disproportionately small body compared to the head; many super deformed characters are two to four heads tall. Some anime works like completely disregard these proportions, in such a way that they resemble Western.A common anime character design convention is exaggerated eye size.
The animation of characters with large eyes in anime can be traced back to Osamu Tezuka, who was deeply influenced by such early animation characters as, who was drawn with disproportionately large eyes. Tezuka is a central figure in anime and manga history, whose iconic art style and character designs allowed for the entire range of human emotions to be depicted solely through the eyes. The artist adds variable color shading to the eyes and particularly to the cornea to give them greater depth. Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade is used. Cultural anthropologist argues that Japanese animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized eyes as inherently more or less foreign. However, not all anime have large eyes. For example, the works of are known for having realistically proportioned eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their characters.
Anime and manga artists often draw from a defined set of facial expressions to depict particular emotionsHair in anime is often unnaturally lively and colorful or uniquely styled. The movement of hair in anime is exaggerated and 'hair action' is used to emphasize the action and emotions of characters for added visual effect. Poitras traces hairstyle color to cover illustrations on manga, where eye-catching artwork and colorful tones are attractive for children's manga. Despite being produced for a domestic market, anime features characters whose race or nationality is not always defined, and this is often a deliberate decision, such as in the animated series.Anime and manga artists often draw from a common canon of iconic facial expression illustrations to denote particular moods and thoughts.
These techniques are often different in form than their counterparts in Western animation, and they include a fixed that is used as shorthand for certain emotions and moods. For example, a male character may develop a when aroused. A variety of visual symbols are employed, including sweat drops to depict nervousness, visible blushing for embarrassment, or glowing eyes for an intense glare. MusicThe opening and credits sequences of most anime television episodes are accompanied by or songs, often by reputed bands. They may be written with the series in mind, but are also aimed at the general music market, and therefore often allude only vaguely or not at all to the themes or plot of the series. Pop and rock songs are also sometimes used as incidental music ('insert songs') in an episode, often to highlight particularly important scenes.
GenresAnime are often classified by target demographic, including childrens' ( 子供, ), girls' ( 少女, ), boys' ( 少年, ) and a diverse range of genres targeting an adult audience. Shoujo and shounen anime sometimes contain elements popular with children of both sexes in an attempt to gain crossover appeal. Adult anime may feature a slower pace or greater plot complexity that younger audiences may typically find unappealing, as well as adult themes and situations. A subset of adult anime works featuring pornographic elements are labeled 'R18' in Japan, and are internationally known as (originating from pervert ( 変態, hentai)). By contrast, some anime subgenres incorporate, sexual themes or undertones without depictions of, as typified in the comedic or genres; due to its popularity among adolescent and adult anime enthusiasts, the inclusion of such elements is considered a form of. Some genres explore homosexual romances, such as (male homosexuality) and (female homosexuality). While often used in a pornographic context, the terms can also be used broadly in a wider context to describe or focus on the themes or the development of the relationships themselves.Anime's genre classification differs from other types of animation and does not lend itself to simple classification.
Compared the labeling and its complex depiction of war as a 'giant robot' anime akin to simply labeling a 'war novel'. Is a major anime genre and includes important historical works like Tezuka's and 's. A major subgenre of science fiction is, with the Gundam being iconic. The diverse includes works based on Asian and Western traditions and folklore; examples include the Japanese feudal fairytale, and the depiction of Scandinavian goddesses who move to Japan to maintain a computer called in. Genre crossing in anime is also prevalent, such as the blend of fantasy and comedy in, and the incorporation of slapstick humor in the crime anime film. Other subgenres found in anime include, harem, sports, martial arts, literary adaptations, and war.
District of Tokyo is popular with anime and manga fans as well as subculture in JapanThe animation industry consists of more than 430 production companies with some of the major studios including,. Many of the studios are organized into a,. There is also a labor union for workers in the industry, the. Studios will often work together to produce more complex and costly projects, as done with Studio Ghibli's.
An anime episode can cost between 100,000 and US$300,000 to produce. In 2001, animation accounted for 7% of the Japanese film market, above the 4.6% market share for live-action works. The popularity and success of anime is seen through the profitability of the DVD market, contributing nearly 70% of total sales.
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According to a 2016 article on Nikkei Asian Review, Japanese television stations have bought over ¥60 billion worth of anime from production companies 'over the past few years', compared with under ¥20 billion from overseas. There has been a rise in sales of shows to television stations in Japan, caused by with. This type of anime is less popular outside Japan, being considered 'more of a '. (2001) is the. It was also the until it was overtaken by 's 2016 film.
Anime films represent a large part of the highest-grossing Japanese films yearly in Japan, with 6 out of the top 10, and also in.Anime has to be licensed by companies in other countries in order to be legally released. While anime has been licensed by its Japanese owners for use outside Japan since at least the 1960s, the practice became well-established in the United States in the late 1970s to early 1980s, when such TV series as and were licensed from their Japanese parent companies for distribution in the US market. The trend towards American distribution of anime continued into the 1980s with the licensing of titles such as and the 'creation' of new series such as through use of source material from several original series.In the early 1990s, several companies began to experiment with the licensing of less children-oriented material. Some, such as, and and its imprints, achieved fairly substantial commercial success and went on to become major players in the now very lucrative American anime market.
Others, such as, achieved limited success. Many companies created directly by Japanese parent companies did not do as well, most releasing only one or two titles before completing their American operations.Licenses are expensive, often hundreds of thousands of dollars for one series and tens of thousands for one movie. The prices vary widely; for example, cost only $91,000 to license while cost $960,000.
Simulcast Internet streaming rights can be cheaper, with prices around $1,000-$2,000 an episode, but can also be more expensive, with some series costing more than US$200,000 per episode.The anime market for the United States was worth approximately $2.74 billion in 2009. Dubbed animation began airing in the United States in 2000 on networks like and 's. In 2005, this resulted in five of the top ten anime titles having previously aired on Cartoon Network. As a part of localization, some of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture. The cost of English localization averages US$10,000 per episode.The industry has been subject to both praise and condemnation for, the addition of unlicensed and unauthorized subtitled translations of anime series or films.
Fansubs, which were originally distributed on VHS bootlegged cassettes in the 1980s, have been freely available and disseminated online since the 1990s. Since this practice raises concerns for copyright and piracy issues, fansubbers tend to adhere to an unwritten moral code to destroy or no longer distribute an anime once an official translated or subtitled version becomes licensed. They also try to encourage viewers to buy an official copy of the release once it comes out in English, although fansubs typically continue to circulate through file sharing networks. Even so, the laid back regulations of the Japanese animation industry tends to overlook these issues, allowing it to grow underground and thus increasing the popularity until there is a demand for official high quality releases for animation companies.
This has led to an increase in global popularity with Japanese animations, reaching $40 million in sales in 2004.Legal international availability of anime on the Internet has changed in recent years, with of series available on websites like.Markets(JETRO) valued the domestic anime market in Japan at ¥2.4 trillion ( $24 billion), including ¥2 trillion from licensed products, in 2005. JETRO reported sales of overseas anime exports in 2004 to be ¥2 trillion ( $18 billion).
JETRO valued the anime market in the United States at ¥520 billion ( $5.2 billion), including $500 million in home video sales and over $4 billion from licensed products, in 2005. JETRO projected in 2005 that the worldwide anime market, including sales of licensed products, would grow to ¥10 trillion ( $100 billion). The anime market in China was valued at $21 billion in 2017, and is projected to reach $31 billion by 2020. AwardsThe anime industry has several annual awards which honor the year's best works. Major annual awards in Japan include the, the, the Awards, the animation awards, the and the. In the United States, anime films compete in the.
There were also the, which were designed to recognize excellence in anime titles nominated by the industry, and were held only once in 2006. Anime productions have also been nominated and won awards not exclusively for anime, like the or the.GlobalizationAnime has become commercially profitable in, as demonstrated by early commercially successful Western adaptations of anime, such as. Early American adaptions in the 1960s made Japan expand into the continental European market, first with productions aimed at European and Japanese children, such as, and, which aired in various countries. Particularly Italy, Spain and France grew an interest into Japan's output, due to its cheap selling price and productive output. In fact, Italy imported the most anime outside of Japan. These mass imports influenced anime popularity in South American, Arabic and German markets.The beginning of 1980 saw the introduction of Japanese anime series into the American culture. In the 1990s, Japanese animation slowly gained popularity in America.
Media companies such as Viz and Mixx began publishing and releasing animation into the American market. The 1988 film is largely credited with popularizing anime in the Western world during the early 1990s, before anime was further popularized by television shows such and in the late 1990s. The growth of the Internet later provided Western audiences an easy way to access Japanese content. This is especially the case with net services such as. As a direct result, various interests surrounding has increased.Fan responsegave rise to in the 1990s with the 'anime boom', a period marked by increased popularity of anime. These conventions are dedicated to anime and manga and include elements like contests and industry talk panels.
Cosplay, a for 'costume play', is not unique to anime and has become popular in contests and masquerades at anime conventions. Japanese culture and words have entered English usage through the popularity of the medium, including, an unflattering Japanese term commonly used in English to denote a fan of anime and manga. Another word that has arisen describing fans in the United States is wapanese meaning White individuals who desire to be Japanese, or later known as for individuals who demonstrate a strong interest in Japanese anime subculture, which is a term that originated from abusive content posted on the popular bulletin board website. Anime enthusiasts have produced and, including computer wallpapers and.As of the 2010s, many anime fans use online communities and databases such as to discuss anime and track their progress watching respective series. Anime styleOne of the key points that made anime different from a handful of the Western cartoons is the potential for visceral content. Once the expectation that the aspects of visual intrigue or animation being just for children is put aside, the audience can realize that themes involving violence, suffering, sexuality, pain, and death can all be storytelling elements utilized in anime as much as other types of media. However, as anime itself became increasingly popular, its styling has been inevitably the subject of both satire and serious creative productions.
's ' and ' episodes, 's, and 's are Western examples of satirical depictions of Japanese culture and anime, but anime tropes have also been satirized by some anime, such as.Traditionally only Japanese works have been considered anime, but some works have sparked debate for blurring the lines between anime and cartoons, such as the American anime style production. These anime styled works have become defined as, in an attempt to classify all anime styled works of non-Japanese origin. Some creators of these works cite anime as a source of inspiration, for example the French production team for that moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team. When anime is defined as a 'style' rather than as a national product it leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other countries, but this has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, 'The insistence on referring to original American art as Japanese 'anime' or 'manga' robs the work of its cultural identity.' A - produced TV series called Torkaizer is dubbed as the 'Middle East's First Anime Show', and is currently in production and looking for funding. The web-based series is produced using an anime art style and has been declared to be anime, but is notable for having been released in Japan (with a Japanese language dub) under the label of 'anime' as per the Japanese definition of the term, and referenced as an 'American-made anime'. Netflix has produced multiple anime series, and in doing so, offered a more accessible channel for distribution to Western markets.
Media franchises. Further information: andIn and entertainment, media mix is a strategy to disperse content across multiple representations: different, gaming technologies, cell phones, toys, and other methods. It is the Japanese term for a. The term gained its circulation in late 1980s, but the origins of the strategy can be traced back to the 1960s with the proliferation of anime, with its interconnection of media and commodity goods.A number of anime have gained considerable global popularity, and are among the world's. In particular is the highest-grossing media franchise of all time, bigger than. Other anime media franchises among the world's top 15 highest-grossing media franchises include, and, while the top 30 also includes,.
See also.References Notes.